Kelixal Uitufel

Celestial Grammar

Politeness

Unlike English, Celestial has five politeness levels to remember when writing or speaking. These are important to not make yourself sound like a fool when you’re speaking in a formal setting, or, conversely, to not seem too posh in casual situations.

Formal: Used when speaking to your elders or betters, or when speaking in any formal setting (e.g. a fancy dinner party).

Example Sentence
Mik hefkele det Karlos mehok honaj.
Mi-k hefkel-e det Karlos mehok honaj.
1-NOM.FRML converse-SMP.PST to Karlos yesterday night
'I spoke to Charlos last night.'


Neutral: Used when speaking to your equals or in most general contexts.

Example Sentence
Mi hefkele noa mehok honaj.
Mi hefkel-e no-a mehok honaj.
1;NOM;NTR talk-SMP.PST 2-ACC.NTR yesterday night
'I talked to you last night.'


Casual: Used when speaking to people you’re familiar with, such as your friends, or when you’re at home.


Mir hefkele ajem mier cerej mehok honaj.
Mi-r hefkel-e ajem mi-er cerej mehok honaj.
1-NOM.CASL chat-SMP.PST with 1-DEPGEN.CASL yesterday night
'I chatted with my friend last night.'


Intimate: Used when speaking to family members, romantic partners, and the like, or in other private settings such as the bedroom.

Example Sentence
Mid hefkele midil ynivik mehok honaj.
Mi-d hefkel-e mi-dil ynivik mehok honaj.
1-NOM.INTM talk-SMP.PST 1-DEPGEN.INTM wife yesterday night
'I talked to my wife last night.'


Vulgar: The realm of slang and degradation, as well as speaking in all ways rude and crude. Be careful using words that have this formality!

Example Sentence
Mij amifele te hijaj mehok honaj.
Mi-j amifel-e te hij-aj mehok honaj.
1-NOM.VULG swear-SMP.PST at 3.M.ABS-ACC.VULG yesterday night
'I swore at him last night.'

Cases

As in English, Celestial has several cases that indicate the grammatical functions of a noun, proper noun, or pronoun. However, Celestial has an extended list compared to English, with cases also inflecting with politeness levels.

Nominative: Refers to the subject of a verb. Think "I, we, he".

Accusative: Refers to the object of a verb. Think "me, us, him".

Reflexive: Refers to another noun or pronoun in the same sentence. Think "myself, ourselves, himself".

Independent Genitive: A strong possessive that takes the place of a phrase. Think "that's hers" rather than "that's her book".

Dependent Genitive: The opposite of the above - a weak possessive. Think "my, our, his".

Benefactive: For the benefit of the person(s) the pronoun is directed towards. Think of going to the doctor's office - you're doing it for your own health; therefore, a Celestial speaker might use this case to talk about their doctor's visit.

Example Sentence
Miky opele axi cyxašel une hocak.
Mi-ky opel-e axi cyxašel une hocak.
1-BEN.NTR go-SMP.PST the.F doctor this.NT day
'I went to the doctor today.'


Malefactive: The polar opposite of the benefactive case. This is for when you want the person you're speaking about - or even yourself! - to go jump off a cliff.

Example Sentence
Mifyj evkycu miju.
Mi-fyj evkyc-u mi-ju.
1-MAL.VULG kill-SMP.FUT 1-REFL.VULG
'I'm going to kill myself.'


Owned: This case is only used in two circumstances: when talking about servants or slaves, or when you are a servant or slave.

Example Sentence
Hinašo mehok kysuce.
Hina-šo mehok kysuc-e.
3.F.ABS-OWN.NTR yesterday die-SMP.PST
'The slave girl died yesterday.'

Verb Tenses and Negation

Verb tenses in Celestial are fairly straightforward, though there are still several tenses that do not exist in English. Verb negation is also straightforward, though once again different from English.

Time

Past: Actions that take place before the current time.

Present: Actions that are currently taking place.

Future: Actions that take place sometime after the current time.

Eternal/Infinite: Actions that have always taken, are always taking, or will always take place.

Example Sentence
Reškyl jošu beixijošofy Marijoa.
Reš-kyl jošu beixijoš-ofy Marijoa.
1.PL.INCL-DEPGEN.FRML king rule-SMP.ETRN Mariejois
'Our king will always rule Mariejois.'

Aspects

Simple: The most straightforward version of a verb, where the action is one complete action.

Example Sentence
Mehok, mi opele mil cerejilir emeren.
Mehok, mi opel-e mi-l cerej-ilir emeren.
yesterday 1;NOM;NTR go-SMP.PST 1-DEPGEN.NTR friend-GEN house
'Yesterday, I went to my friend's house.'


Distant: The action took place a long time ago.

Example Sentence
Dešoca 1840, Ardon opeliev hijil cerejilir emeren.
Dešoca 1840, Ardon opel-iev hij-il cerej-ilir emeren.
in.the.distant.past 1840 Ardon go-DST.PST 3.M.ABS-DEPGEN.NTR friend-GEN house
'In 1840, Ardon went to his friend's house.'


Progressive: The action is currently progressing; this is the tense for verbs in English that end in -ing such as "going" and "doing".

Example Sentence
Mi opeliap mil cerejilir emeren.
Mi opel-iap mi-l cerej-ilir emeren.
1;NOM;NTR go-PROG.PRS 1-DEPGEN.NTR friend-GEN house
'I'm going to my friend's house.'


Perfect: The action has finished; it occurred some time in the past. This tense now focuses on the resulting state of the action.

Example Sentence
Mi opelial mil cerejilir emeren.
Mi opel-ial mi-l cerej-ilir emeren.
1;NOM;NTR go-PERF.PRS 1-DEPGEN.NTR friend-GEN house
'I've gone to my friend's house.'


Subjunctive: This is for an action one wishes/wished or desires/desired to happen in some way. If you'd rather play football instead of doing paperwork, this is the aspect to talk about said desire.

Example Sentence
Mi opeliac mil cerejilir emeren.
Mi opel-iac mi-l cerej-ilir emeren.
1;NOM;NTR go-SUBJ.PRS 1-DEPGEN.NTR friend-GEN house
'I want to go to my friend's house.'


Imperative: Someone or something is compelling the verb's subject to do the action. If your boss tells you to have the paperwork in by Monday, he could use the imperative tense to ask you to.

Example Sentence
Mi opelied Peteril emeren.
Mi opel-ied Peter-il emeren.
1;NOM;NTR go-IMPR.PST Peter-GEN house
'I had to go to Peter's house because he told me to.'

Negation

This is the equivalent to using "don't", "won't", or similar verb prefixes in English. Instead of using something like that, Celestial has its own prefix (an- an-) to directly negate verbs.

Example Sentence
Mi anopelu mil cerejilir emeren.
Mi an-opel-u mi-l cerej-ilir emeren.
1;NOM;NTR NEG-go-SMP.FUT friend-GEN house
'I won't go to my friend's house.'

Verb Conjugation Tables

Table 1: Verb Conjugation (Regular)
Ø Past Present Future Eternal/Infinite
Infinitive [base word] - - - -
Simple - -e
-e		 -a
-a		 -u
-u		 -ofy
-ofy
Distant - -iev
-iev		 - - -
Progressive - -iep
-iep		 -iap
-iap		 -iup
-iup		 -
Perfect - -iel
-iel		 -ial
-ial		 -iul
-iul		 -
Subjunctive - -ce
-ce		 -ca
-ca		 -cu
-cu		 -
Imperative - -ied
-ied		 -iad
-iad		 -iud
-iud		 -

Table 2: Verb Conjugation (Irregular)
Ø Past Present Future Eternal/Infinite
Infinitive [base word] - - - -
Simple - -xie
-xie
if base word ends in a vowel		 -xia
-xia
if base word ends in a vowel		 -xiu
-xiu
if base word ends in a vowel		 -fyo
-fyo
if base word ends in a vowel
Distant - -ve
-ve
if base word ends in a vowel		 - - -
Progressive - -pe
-pe
if base word ends in a vowel		 -pa
-pa
if base word ends in a vowel		 -pu
-pu
if base word ends in a vowel		 -
Perfect - -le
-le
if base word ends in a vowel		 -la
-la
if base word ends in a vowel		 -lu
-lu
if base word ends in a vowel		 -
Subjunctive - -iec
-iec
if base word ends in c, k, d, n, s, j		 -iac
-iac
if base word ends in c, k, d, n, s, j		 -iuk
-iuk
if base word ends in c, k, d, n, s, j		 -
Imperative - -de
-de
if base word ends in a vowel		 -da
-da
if base word ends in a vowel		 -du
-du
if base word ends in a vowel		 -

Table 3: Verb Negation
Negation (Regular) Negation (Irregular)
an-
an-		 ani-
ani-
if base word begins with n

Noun and Proper Noun Declension Tables

Table 4: Noun/Proper Noun Declension (Regular)
Nominative Genitive
Singular Formal [base word] -ilk
-ilk
Singular Neutral [base word] -il
-il
Singular Casual [base word] -ilir
-ilir
Singular Intimate [base word] -ilid
-ilid
Singular Vulgar [base word] -ilj
-ilj
Plural Formal -cyf
-cyf		 -ocal
-ocal
Plural Neutral -cyt
-cyt		 -al
-al
Plural Casual -cy
-cy		 -oral
-oral
Plural Intimate -cym
-cym		 -odal
-odal
Plural Vulgar -cyj
-cyj		 -ojal
-ojal

Table 5: Noun/Proper Noun Declension (Irregular)
Nominative Genitive
Singular Formal [base word] -kyl
-kyl
if base word ends in a vowel
Singular Neutral [base word] -l
-l
if base word ends in a vowel
Singular Casual [base word] -ril
-ril
if base word ends in a vowel
Singular Intimate [base word] -dil
-dil
if base word ends in a vowel
Singular Vulgar [base word] -jil
-jil
if base word ends in a vowel
Plural Formal -acyf
-acyf
if base word ends in c, k, n, t, j		 -cal
-cal
if base word ends in a vowel
Plural Neutral -acyt
-acyt
if base word ends in c, k, n, t, j		 -lan
-lan
if base word ends in a vowel
Plural Casual -acy
-acy
if base word ends in c, k, n, t, j		 -ral
-ral
if base word ends in a vowel
Plural Intimate -acym
-acym
if base word ends in c, k, n, t, j		 -dal
-dal
if base word ends in a vowel
Plural Vulgar -acyj
-acyj
if base word ends in c, k, n, t, j		 -jal
-jal
if base word ends in a vowel

Pronoun Declension Tables

Table 6: Pronoun Declension (Regular)
Formal Neutral Casual Intimate Vulgar
Nominative -k
-k		 [base word] -ir
-ir		 -id
-id		 -ij
-ij
Accusative -ka
-ka		 -a
-a		 -ar
-ar		 -ad
-ad		 -aj
-aj
Reflexive -ku
-ku		 -u
-u		 -ur
-ur		 -ud
-ud		 -uj
-uj
Independent
Genitive		 -ek
-ek		 -e
-e		 -er
-er		 -ed
-ed		 -ej
-ej
Dependent
Genitive		 -kyl
-kyl		 -il
-il		 -ilir
-ilir		 -ilid
-ilid		 -ilj
-ilj
Benefactive -ky
-ky		 -i
-i		 -eri
-eri		 -edi
-edi		 -eji
-eji
Malefactive -fyk
-fyk		 -fy
-fy		 -fyr
-fyr		 -fyd
-fyd		 -fyj
-fyj
Owned -ok
-ok		 -o
-o/td> 		-of
-of		 -od
-od		 -oj
-oj

Table 7: Pronoun Declension (Irregular)
Formal Neutral Casual Intimate Vulgar
Nominative -ik
-ik
if base word ends in n, s, j		 [base word] -r
-r
if base word ends in a vowel		 -d
-d
if base word ends in a vowel		 -j
-j
if base word ends in a vowel
Accusative -ak
-ak
if base word ends in n, s, j		 -xa
-xa
if base word ends in a, u		 -ra
-ra
if base word ends in a vowel		 -da
-da
if base word ends in a vowel		 -ja
-ja
if base word ends in a vowel
Reflexive -uk
-uk
if base word ends in n, j		 -šu
-šu
if base word ends in o, u		 -ru
-ru
if base word ends in a vowel		 -du
-du
if base word ends in a vowel		 -ju
-ju
if base word ends in a vowel
Independent
Genitive		 -hek
-hek
if base word ends in a, e, u		 -še
-še
if base word ends in a, e, u		 -her
-her
if base word ends in a, e, u		 -hed
-hed
if base word ends in a, e, u		 -hej
-hej
if base word ends in a, e, u
Dependent
Genitive		 -ilk
-ilk
if base word ends in n, s, j		 -l
-l
if base word ends in a vowel		 -ril
-ril
if base word ends in a vowel		 -dil
-dil
if base word ends in a vowel		 -jil
-jil
if base word ends in a vowel
Benefactive -eky
-eky
if base word ends in n, s, j		 -xi
-xi
if base word ends in a, i, u		 -ri
-ri
if base word ends in a vowel		 -di
-di
if base word ends in a vowel		 -ji
-ji
if base word ends in a vowel
Malefactive -ifyk
-ifyk
if base word ends in n, s, j		 -ify
-ify
if base word ends in n, s, j		 -ifyr
-ifyr
if base word ends in n, s, j		 -ifyd
-ifyd
if base word ends in n, s, j		 -ifyj
-ifyj
if base word ends in n, s, j
Owned -ko
-ko
if base word ends in a, o, u		 -šo
-šo
if base word ends in a, o, u		 -fo
-fo
if base word ends in a, o, u		 -do
-do
if base word ends in a, o, u		 -jo
-jo
if base word ends in a, o, u

Adverb Creation Table

When turning an adjective into an adverb, the infix is always placed before the final letter of the base word.

Table 8: Adjectives to Adverbs
Infix (Regular) Infix (Irregular 1) Infix (Irregular 2)
-ne-
-ne-		 -en-
-nen-
if base word ends in a vowel		 -ane-
-ane-
if base word's penultimate letter is c, k, n, s, j and does NOT end in a vowel